Note on Early Medieval Universities, the Scholastic Method, and the Formation of Critical Thought

Early medieval universities formed a distinct intellectual system built around structure, discipline, and the controlled expansion of reasoning. These institutions emerged from cathedral schools and monastic centers and evolved into formal environments where knowledge was not only preserved but interrogated. Their core mechanism was the scholastic method, a systematic approach that treated ideas as analytical …

Remembering Dennis Bushnell

I received word via the NASA Alumni Association that Dennis Bushnell passed away. Dennis Bushnell was a long-serving Chief Scientist of NASA Langley Research Center. I remember meeting him for the first time when there was internal research funding available at NASA for researchers. I wrote a proposal on fluid thrust factoring of a particular …

High-Order CFD for Validating Analytical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations – ‘BlackJack’

The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, ‘BlackJack,’ was created with a singular purpose: to generate extremely accurate numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in support of a broader program to develop new analytical solutions to those same equations. Unlike general-purpose CFD tools designed for industrial applications or engineering approximations, BlackJack CFD is a research code, …